AQUACULTURE IN THE GENOMIC ERA: PHYSIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR APPROACHES TO SUSTAINABLE FISHERIES

Abstract

 Aquaculture is rapidly becoming the cornerstone of global food security, yet the sector faces persistent challenges including disease outbreaks, environmental pressures, and the sustainability of feed resources. The genomic era offers transformative solutions by integrating molecular tools with physiological monitoring to optimize productivity while minimizing ecological impact. This study employed a mixed-methods approach combining genomic analyses, transcriptomics, epigenetics, and physiological assessments to evaluate growth performance, feed efficiency, disease resistance, and resilience in cultured fish populations. Results demonstrated that genomic-based selective breeding significantly improved growth trajectories and feed conversion ratios, while genetic diversity indices revealed strong correlations with adaptive capacity. Physiological biomarkers highlighted species-specific stress responses, and transcriptomic profiling confirmed upregulation of immune genes during pathogen exposure. Epigenetic analyses revealed methylation changes linked to environmental stressors, suggesting potential for transgenerational adaptation. Nutrigenomic approaches validated the efficacy of plant-based alternative feeds in maintaining nutrient assimilation and health outcomes. Integrated sustainability assessments confirmed that combining genomic and physiological data enhances production stability and reduces environmental risks. Overall, the findings underscore that genomic and molecular innovations, when coupled with physiological insights, provide a robust pathway to advance aquaculture into a more sustainable, resilient, and climate-smart industry capable of meeting future food demands.