Trends in Life Sciences and Biotechnology
Trends in Life Sciences and Biotechnology is a peer-reviewed, interdisciplinary journal dedicated to publishing cutting-edge research, reviews, and innovations in the fields of life sciences and biotechnology. The journal aims to bridge the gap between fundamental biological research and applied biotechnological advancements, fostering a deeper understanding of biological systems and their potential applications. Scope and Areas of Interest: Molecular Biology and Genetics Biomedical Research and Biotechnology Agricultural and Environmental Biotechnology Synthetic Biology and Genetic Engineering Microbiology, Virology, and Immunology Pharmaceutical and Industrial Biotechnology Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering Bioprocessing and Biomanufacturing The journal welcomes original research articles, reviews, short communications, and perspectives that contribute to scientific knowledge and technological advancements. With a rigorous peer-review process, Trends in Life Sciences and Biotechnology provides a platform for researchers, academics, and industry professionals to share their findings and insights, shaping the future of biotechnology and life sciences.
MIND QUEST RESEARCH & EDUCATIONAL CENTER (SMC-PRIVATE) LIMITED
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES IN CEREAL CROPS: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW
The food security of the world depends upon the cereal crops like rice, wheat and maize and these crops are being impacted by the insect pests, the alteration of climate and unfriendly farming processes. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) has emerged as one of the holistic and sustainable methods that can reduce the losses on yields due to pests, at least environmental degradation. It is a system review, and it summarizes the available body of evidence of IPM strategies being applied in large-scale cereal cropping systems and determining their effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, and environmental sustainability. To identify and critically examine the peer reviewed articles regarding the analysis of the cultural practices, biological control, host plant resistance, selective chemical application and new digital technologies in the use of cereals IPM programs, a systematic review of the literature was conducted. The findings have indicated that IPM has been linked to stable growth in yield, an average of 10-19 percent growth in rice, 16-30 percent in wheat, and 13.530 percent in maize and 25-60 percent reduction in the use of synthetic pesticides. In addition, IPM also enhances the natural enemies, biodiversity, and agro ecosystem resilience in climatic stress agro ecosystems. The economic researches have revealed that despite moderate costs involved during initial monitoring costs, the IPM systems are more profitable in the long run and less susceptible to the production risks compared to the conventional systems that rely on the application of pesticides. However, not all of these issues, such as the absence of homogeneity in definition of operations, low awareness rates among farmers, and resource deficiency yet, make high level of adoption impossible. Precision agriculture systems coupled with ecological plans of behavior on a landscape scale coupled with innovations in biological control is one method to strengthen IPM systems. Overall, the review has substantiated IPM as a key sector to sustainable cereal production to strike a balance between productivity, environmental integrity and economic stability in the face of increasing challenges of food security in the world.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
IMMUNE RESPONSE PATTERNS IN PEDIATRIC VIRAL INFECTIONS: AN IMMUNOPATHOLOGICAL STUDY
Pediatric viral infections present with diverse immunological signatures that directly influence disease severity, clinical progression, and therapeutic response. This immunopathological study comprehensively analyzed innate and adaptive immune response patterns across a cohort of children diagnosed with common viral pathogens—including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza A/B, adenovirus, and enterovirus—to identify immune markers associated with differential outcomes. Quantitative assessment of circulating cytokines, lymphocyte subsets, viral load kinetics, and inflammatory biomarkers revealed distinct immunoprofiles for each infection type. Children with severe RSV infection exhibited markedly elevated IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α levels (p < 0.001), along with significant neutrophil predominance and reduced CD4⁺/CD8⁺ T-cell ratios, indicating a hyperinflammatory innate response. In contrast, influenza-associated cases showed robust type-I interferon activation, higher CD8⁺ cytotoxic T-cell expansion, and faster viral clearance (p < 0.01). Adenovirus infections demonstrated sustained high viral loads and exaggerated IL-10 production, suggesting dysregulated immune suppression as a contributor to prolonged disease course. Meanwhile, enteroviral infections were characterized by balanced Th1/Th2 responses and minimal cytokine storm features, correlating with milder clinical outcomes. Overall, our findings highlight that specific cytokine patterns, T-cell dynamics, and inflammatory indices significantly differentiate viral etiologies and disease severity in pediatric populations. These results provide essential insight into immune mechanisms underlying viral pathogenesis and identify potential biomarkers for early risk stratification, improved diagnosis, and targeted immunomodulatory interventions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abdul Ghaffar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
COMBINING ABILITY AND INHERITANCE STUDIES OF AGRONOMIC AND QUALITY TRAITS IN SOYBEAN
Soybean is a globally significant legume crop valued for its dual role as a protein- and oil-rich commodity. Understanding the genetic foundation of yield and quality traits is crucial for designing effective breeding programs. This study was conducted at the Ayub Agricultural Research Institute (AARI), Faisalabad, to evaluate inheritance patterns and combining ability special effects for key agronomic and seed quality traits in diverse soybean genotypes. Significant genotypic variation was observed across all traits, indicating the presence of exploitable genetic diversity. Early- and late-maturing lines were identified, along with genotypes combining high pod number and seed weight, which contributed to superior yields. Variation in protein and oil contents further highlighted opportunities for simultaneous selection of high-yielding and nutritionally superior genotypes. These results provide valuable insights into the inheritance of yield-contributing and quality traits, offering a strong basis for future soybean breeding efforts targeting improved productivity and nutritional quality.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ayesha Siddiqua, Muhammad Hamza Riaz (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
TOXICOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF NOVEL ANTIDIABETIC COMPOUNDS IN PRECLINICAL MODELS
This preclinical experiment evaluated the toxicological safety profile of three novel antidiabetic compounds- known as Compound A, Compound B and Compound C- on a mixture of in vivo, in vitro and biochemical experiments. In a repeated-dose study in mouse models, all the drugs were well tolerated with no mortality or severe adverse clinical outcomes. The histopathological analysis showed that there were moderate to mild changes in hepatic and renal tissues, and Compound A showed the least organ-specific toxicity. Dose-dependent and reversible changes in liver enzymes (ALT, AST) and renal biomarkers (creatinine, BUN) were found to be evident in high-dose cohorts of Compound C, but these changes corroborated the protective effects that Compound A and B could exert through oxidative stress biomarkers (malondialdehyde, reduced glutathione). In vitro cytotoxicity studies on pancreatic -cell lines have shown a high cell viability (>85) to be obtained at therapeutic concentrations, although the tests of genotoxicity (Ames test and the micronucleus assay) have not shown any mutagenic prospect of the three drugs. This paper demonstrates that the new antidiabetic chemicals possess an acceptable overall toxicological profile, with Compound A being the least toxic. These findings support the further pharmacological development and confirm the shift to more advanced preclinical and first clinical trials.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sana Farooq, Muhammad Usman Malik (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
POTASH AND HUMIC ACID INTERACTIONS REGULATING GROWTH, YIELD AND NUTRIENT UPTAKE OF OKRA
Okra is a nutritionally rich and economically important summer vegetable, yet its yield potential is often limited by nutrient deficiencies in semi-arid soils. A field experiment was conducted on Bari Chakwal soils to assess the effects of humic acid and potassium fertilization on growth, yield performance, and nutrient uptake in okra. The study employed a randomized complete block design with factorial arrangements and three replications. Growth traits, physiological indicators, yield components, nutrient uptake (N, P, K), and post-harvest soil fertility were evaluated. Application of humic acid significantly enhanced soil quality, nutrient availability, and plant physiological responses, while potassium supplementation improved pod traits and yield. The combined application of humic acid and potassium produced the highest improvements across growth, yield, and nutrient uptake parameters. Post-harvest soil analysis further confirmed residual improvements in fertility. The results demonstrate that integrating humic acid with optimal potassium fertilization is an effective and sustainable strategy to boost okra productivity and maintain soil health under semi-arid conditions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Bilal, Sadia Noor (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PSYCHOSOCIAL IMPACT OF CHRONIC SKIN DISORDERS: A QUALITATIVE EXPLORATION
Long term skin issues bring a huge emotional load that is often greater than the clinical manifestations of the disease. It is a qualitative study that explored the lived experiences of individuals who are diagnosed with chronic dermatologic conditions, with a focus on emotional distress, social functioning, self-perception and coping strategies. The information was collected using semi-structured interviews that were thoroughly carried out with the selected sample of participants of different age groups and categories of conditions. The thematic analysis found four major dimensions of psychosocial impact. First, the respondents reported that they were experiencing persistent emotional issues, including anxiety, despair, humiliations, and feeling more self-conscious, which tend to be exacerbated by symptoms exacerbations. Second, social interactions were also of significant problems. Most of the participants reported that they were socially isolated and feared judgment and that they were discriminated or stigmatized in the community, and at work. Third, the research demonstrated that physical symptoms may cause chronic psychological disorders, including severe body-image difficulties, low self-esteem, and difficulties in intimate relationships. And finally, the findings indicated that there was a wide disparity in coping strategies. Others were useful such as seeking peer support groups and starting self-care routines, whilst others were not useful such as avoiding people and being alone. Overall, the findings indicate that psychosocial impacts of chronic skin diseases are complicated, highly individual, and highly influenced by societal attitudes and beliefs about them. The research highlights the paramount importance of combining dermatological and mental health care strategies to address the emotional and social components of chronic skin disease to better the treatment outcomes and quality of life in patients.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ayesha Rafiq, Imran Siddiqui (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
LIVESTOCK MANAGEMENT: BEST PRACTICES FOR ANIMAL WELFARE
The welfare of livestock has emerged as a central concern in modern agriculture, driven by growing ethical awareness and consumer demand for humane animal treatment. As livestock productivity is closely linked to animal well-being, the integration of science-based welfare practices has become vital for sustainable and economically viable farming systems. This study investigates best practices in livestock management across five critical domains: housing and environment, nutritional management, health monitoring, transportation control, and behavioral enrichment.A mixed-method approach was employed, including quantitative evaluation of farm infrastructure and animal health metrics, and qualitative assessments of enrichment and handling strategies. Key indicators such as housing quality, dietary balance, disease incidence, stress biomarkers, and behavioral outcomes were systematically measured and analyzed across diverse livestock populations.The results reveal a clear association between welfare interventions and improvements in productivity, health, and behavior. Farms with enriched housing environments and structured nutrition plans demonstrated higher feed efficiency, reduced morbidity, and better stress resilience. Disease prevention strategies, particularly vaccination coverage and biosecurity protocols, significantly reduced outbreak frequencies. Additionally, behavioral enrichment and humane transportation practices were linked to improved psychological well-being and lowered mortality rates.This study concludes that comprehensive livestock welfare strategies not only enhance animal health and ethical standards but also contribute to operational efficiency and long-term sustainability. The findings support the adoption of integrated welfare models as a standard across livestock industries and provide a scalable framework for policymakers and farm managers aiming to balance productivity with compassion in animal agriculture.
Copyright (c) 2024 Aftab Ahmed, Mukhtar Ahmad, Shahid Iqbal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE IMPACT OF SLEEP DISORDERS ON OVERALL HEALTH
Disorders of sleep have become a major health problem in the world and they affect either physical or mental health. Serious sleep architectural disturbed functions are more and more connected to such non-transmittable disorders as hypertension, the cardiovascular disorder, diabetes and obesity and mental disorders like depression and anxiety.In the research, multi-modal assessment strategy was utilized to study the physiological, metabolic, and psychological effects of sleep disorders in a wide range of adults. Real world data were recorded in polysomnography (PSG) and home sleep apnea test (HSAT) which was contacted as well as it was noted in the valid self-reporting instruments and analysis through statistical modeling and visualization aspects of the whole data.The findings were significant associations between shortened sleep time with increase in systolic blood pressure, poor sleep efficiency and increased depressive symptomatology, and high diagnostic concordance between PSG and HSAT. Also, the CPAP therapy was proven to decrease the cardiovascular risk markers in patients with obstructive sleep apnea and there was sure negative correlation between body mass index and sleep quality. Analysis on mental health revealed that the severity of insomnia was proportionate to how individuals reported their levels of anxiety.These discoveries lay stress on the multifactorial impact of sleep disorders which is not only a clinical condition, but rather a modifiable risk factor that poses an impact on overall health outcomes. The article points out the importance of using diagnostic accuracy coupled with behavioral knowledge to make evidence-based interventions.To sum up, this study can complement the expanding body of evidence stating in favor of early identification and individualized treatment of sleep-related conditions. Proactive consideration of sleep health can become an essential step in lowering the number and burden of chronic diseases, changing health trends of the entire population and relieving healthcare systems.
Copyright (c) 2024 Sajjad Mehdi, Shazia Khalid (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES IN SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE: HARNESSING GENETIC ENGINEERING FOR CROP IMPROVEMENT
The mounting pressures on the agriculture industries caused by a rapidly growing global population and the related expansion of weather-related phenomena linked to global warming only increase the need to establish sustainable methods of producing agricultural products. Conventional agricultural models have become insufficient to provide food security and therefore new strategies should aim at improving productivity, resiliency, and sustainability of the farming systems. Of these, biotechnological advances, especially genetic engineering have become a game changer in the battle field of improved crops.The paper is a critical account of the part of genetic engineering in accelerating a sustainable atmosphere in the contemporary agricultural arena. The research data is based on the performance indicators of genetically modified (GM) crops and non-GM crops, through comparative analysis, the study considers the efficiency of yield, resistance to pests, use of water, and nutrient augmentation. It is based on the use of case-based literature synthesis and data visualization to evaluate the complex effects of GM technologies.The findings show that GM crops have a better and consistent performance regarding the stability in yield under abiotic stress compared to conventional crops, they help to lower the need to use pesticides and they are nutritionally advantageous, providing local dietary deficiencies. The enhancement of the above factors contributes to ecology conservation as well as enhanced food security results. Also economic gains on the farmers and under the land-constrained areas were noted due to reduction of the cost of input and increase in gain to investment.Nevertheless, in spite of such encouraging results, the study highlights such existing obstacles as the mistrust of the population, the strategies of ethical compliance, and the heterogeneity of the regulatory environment that impede mainstream adoption. It also emphasizes the need of fair access particularly to the smallholder farmers in the third world countries. The conclusion urges integrated policy frameworks and participation of grassroot activities in promoting responsible applications of biotechnology in agriculture. With such potent technologies of gene-editing poised to revel into new forms, their thoughtful application with the help of science and favored by society, the future of sustainable food systems the world over might have been re-invented.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ayesha Irum, Abdul Waheed Shah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
DESIGN AND SYNTHESIS OF SMALL MOLECULE INHIBITORS TARGETING ONCOGENIC PATHWAYS IN CANCER THERAPY
Small molecule inhibitors (SMIs) of oncogenic pathways have been shown to be promising anticancer drugs because they can specifically target receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) that are implicated in tumor growth, survival, and metastasis. In this article, the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of new SMIs targeting EGFR, HER2, and VEGFR, which are aberrantly expressed in cancers, are explored.The lead compounds were designed by structure-based drug design and were optimized for potency and selectivity through the execution of structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies. The lead compounds were demonstrated to possess strong inhibitory activity in in vitro kinase assays having IC50 values in the subnanomolar range. Further, the lead compounds inhibited selectively proliferation of cancer cells but not normal cells and induced apoptosis through intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. In vivo studies using xenograft models of breast and non-small cell lung cancer showed significant tumor inhibition with low systemic toxicity. Bioavailability and metabolic stability were excellent according to pharmacokinetic analysis, which favors the therapeutic use of the compounds. Secondary mutations and activation of compensatory pathways constituted mechanisms of resistance, which suggest the use of combination therapies and second-generation inhibitors.This research provides a full blueprint for the design of selective and effective SMIs against oncogenic RTKs, which promises personalized cancer therapy. Future directions include optimizing combination regimens, exploring response biomarkers, and developing next-generation inhibitors with improved selectivity and reduced toxicity.
Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PERSONALIZED MEDICINE IN CANCER THERAPY: LEVERAGING GENOMIC DATA TO TAILOR TREATMENT PLANS AND IMPROVE PATIENT OUTCOMES
Every patient's tumor requires personalized cancer therapy because it matches treatments to individual molecular profiles to reach optimal treatment effectiveness and reduce treatment side effects. The combination of genomic tools with bioinformatics allows doctors to perform extensive tumor analysis for identifying valid genetic alternations which then enable targeted therapy administration to deliver successful patient results. Results from this research demonstrate how genetic data established personalized cancer treatment leading to improved response rates and decreased adverse effects than standard therapies. The utilization of genetic data in diagnostics faces two primary obstacles which include the intricate nature of tumors along with resistance initiation and ethical complications stemming from collection and patient protection concerns. The necessary advancement of genomic sequencing combined with bioinformatics analysis and artificial intelligence applications will help to break through these barriers. Personalized treatment strategies become more effective for diagnosis accuracy and therapy selection through predictive modeling that employs machine learning algorithms. By integrating multiple biological data sets transcriptomics with proteomics and metabolomics researchers gain a deeper understanding which supports more efficient drug development. These developing technologies will make personalized oncology treatments more precise while spreading to more medical centers which will revolutionize one-size-fits-all cancer treatment into precise patient-specific interventions. Modern cancer treatment methods will transform due to this newly available information to improve both patient survival possibilities and their quality of life across the world.
DEVELOPING AI MODELS FOR REAL-TIME MONITORING OF MENTAL HEALTH CONDITIONS: UNDERSTANDING DEPRESSION, ANXIETY, AND STRESS THROUGH DIGITAL HEALTH TOOLS
Mental health issues such a stress, sadness and anxiety are becoming an epidemic of major proportions that ail millions of people around the world. Clinical interviews with self-reported scales were in the past the key methods of diagnosing and treating these diseases. This usually implied that treatment was delayed, allocation was erroneous and treatment not consistent. AI and digital health solutions have the potential to transform this same story. The tools could be used to monitor people in real time, identify issues as early as possible, and provide them care that is customized to their needs. Ways in which AI is improving mental health care are through ML algorithms, NLP, wearable applications, and chatbots that may help with therapy. This paper will discuss how AI technology plays a critical role in the on-going estimation, analysis, and engagements of those who receive mental health treatment. Chatbots will assist in the chat aimed at helping individuals understand what ails them on the first time. NLP is also interested in the way the individuals are talking to others to check whether mood change has occurred or not. Wearable electronics has the objective of measuring mental wellbeing (by monitoring physiological indicators, heart variability rate and sleep trend). Analysis of relationships between individuals through social media and predictive modelling as well as on-real-time data on patients can assist in preventing people committing suicide. There are though certain issues that should be addressed, including the fear of data privacy, bias of algorithms, and obeying the rules. The paper provides a thorough examination of the current state of AI usage and limitations in the field of mental health, and its benefits, the impact of ethical issues, and the future of it. We must combine the concepts of XAI, rules and cooperation across sectors into a single way of doing the business to maximize the potential of AI-based mental health treatment. Rather than refining them so that they are better able to identify trends in the future, they should be made more transparent, e.g. through including offers of telehealth integration and they should be tried out in real world settings through extensive research. The convenience aspect of mental health care can be improved by making it easier to access services by more individuals, quickening diagnosis and treatment, and providing an individual with a variety of treatment outcomes.
MECHANISMS OF DRUG-INDUCED LIVER INJURY: EXPLORING PATHWAYS AND RISK FACTORS FOR LIVER TOXICITY
Liver injury induced by drugs (DILI) has been the most burning challenge to deal with clinically and regulatory wise, as it stands a foremost cause for the withdrawal of a drug on the grounds of acute liver failure. Intrinsic (dose-dependent) and idiosyncratic (unpredictable) are subdivisions to classify DILI. DILI arises from multiple mechanisms encompassing direct liver cell injury, damage to mitochondria, and immune-mediated reactions. Reactive drug metabolites act as the primary event causing oxidative stress leading to mitochondrial permeability transition and further development of apoptotic or necrotic cell death. Mitochondria thus serve as a focal point for hepatocyte death determining both apoptotic and necrotic pathways, whereby genetic factors playing a role, such as polymorphisms within HLA, alongside environmental factors, such as co-medications and infections, exert an influence on the susceptibility of individuals to DILI. Noval biomarkers like oxidative stress-related molecules, mitochondria injury indicators, and immune response mediators may show promise for early diagnosis and risk stratification. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms, risk factors, and biomarkers involved in DILI comprehensively. Understanding these mechanisms more broadly may enhance early detection to ensure maximum patient safety and personalized strategies for risk assessment. A suggestion for future research is to consider integrating genomic, metabolomic, and proteomic approaches for the enhanced prediction and prevention of hepatotoxicity.
REAL-TIME CLINICAL DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS: LEVERAGING AI AND BIG DATA FOR DISEASE DIAGNOSIS, PROGNOSIS, AND TREATMENT OPTIMIZATION
In this contemporary age, Real-Time Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSS) have become indispensable in healthcare settings where artificial intelligence (AI) and big data analytics converge to form a platform for improved disease diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment optimization. Machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL), and natural language processing (NLP) use these systems to sift through massive datasets of EHRs, laboratory results, genomic data, and medical imaging. CDSS has facilitated its operational purpose by providing real-time insights from data to speed up clinical procedures, increase diagnostic precision, and personalize treatment options. The increased complexity of medical data brings issues related to interoperability of data, explainability of the model, and ethical issues with AI-driven decision-making. Algorithmic bias and data privacy are issues that can only be tackled after sound regulatory frameworks have been established alongside fair AI models. This paper provides a complete review of real-time CDSS with analyzable methodologies in AI, their applications, and their effects on clinical decision-making. An extensive review of the literature and empirical findings is used to assess the growths, present challenges, and possible future directions of AI-powered CDSS. To this end, we propose possible strategies like explainable AI (XAI), federated learning, and integration of wearables in health with the view of enhancing precision medicine and improving patient outcome.
INTEGRATING GENETICS, ECOLOGY, AND BEHAVIOR: UNDERSTANDING ADAPTIVE EVOLUTION IN AMPHIBIANS
Amphibians provide a critical model for studying adaptive evolution because of their dual reliance on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, high ecological sensitivity, and diverse behavioral strategies. This study applied an integrative framework combining genetics, ecology, and behavior to examine the mechanisms underlying amphibian adaptation to environmental stressors. Genetic analyses revealed significant allelic diversity in immune and thermal tolerance loci, demonstrating the role of genetic variation in shaping resilience to disease and climate variability. Ecological assessments highlighted the importance of habitat connectivity, temperature gradients, and hydric conditions as key selective forces structuring amphibian populations. Behavioral observations showed that reproductive, foraging, and anti-predator strategies vary significantly across ecological contexts, with behavioral plasticity serving as a buffer that allows populations to persist under rapid environmental change. The integration of these datasets through statistical and eco-genetic modeling demonstrated that behavior frequently mediates the link between ecological pressures and genetic expression, creating eco-evolutionary feedback loops that accelerate or constrain adaptation. Collectively, these findings illustrate that amphibian adaptive evolution is a dynamic process driven by the interplay of genetic diversity, ecological context, and behavioral strategies. Beyond advancing basic evolutionary biology, this research provides practical implications for conservation, emphasizing that maintaining genetic variability, ecological integrity, and behavioral flexibility is essential for sustaining amphibian biodiversity in the face of global change.
Copyright (c) 2023 Muhammad Waqar Ali (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EARLY BIOMARKERS OF PULMONARY HYPERTENSION IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a serious and often underdiagnosed complication in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), contributing significantly to morbidity, mortality, and diminished quality of life. Early detection of PH remains a major clinical challenge due to the delayed onset of recognizable symptoms and limitations in existing diagnostic modalities. This multi-center cross-sectional study aimed to identify early circulating biomarkers that could signal the onset of pulmonary hypertension in COPD patients. A total of 360 participants—including 240 COPD patients with and without PH, and 120 healthy controls—were evaluated for a wide range of endothelial, inflammatory, oxidative stress, and cardiac remodeling biomarkers. Results demonstrated significantly elevated levels of NT-proBNP, endothelin-1, IL-6, malondialdehyde (MDA), and Galectin-3 in COPD patients with PH compared to both COPD-only and control groups (p < 0.001). NT-proBNP showed the highest predictive ability for early PH with an AUC of 0.89, while other biomarkers such as IL-6 and endothelin-1 also displayed strong diagnostic potential. Low nitric oxide and less effective overall antioxidants helped confirm that problems in the endothelium and imbalance in oxidative stress exist. Furthermore, we noted variations in certain proteins involving the alveoli, suggesting that this part of the lung was already involved at the beginning. A multi-biomarker strategy is shown by ROC curve analysis to result in better accuracy for identifying early PH in COPD. Because of these findings, it is clear that using molecular biomarkers with routine screening could help doctors identify COPD-associated pulmonary hypertension sooner and improve its treatment.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muska Hayat , Shahzad Rafiq (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
INVESTIGATING THE ROLE OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES IN FRUIT RIPENING AND SENESCENCE
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a pivotal yet complex role in fruit ripening and senescence, functioning both as essential signaling molecules and agents of oxidative damage. This study aimed to investigate the biochemical and molecular dynamics of ROS accumulation and antioxidant responses across different ripening stages in climacteric (tomato) and non-climacteric (strawberry) fruits. A combination of spectrophotometric assays, enzymatic activity quantification, histochemical staining, and gene expression profiling via qRT-PCR and RNA sequencing was employed. Results showed a significant increase in H₂O₂ and O₂⁻ concentrations during ripening, particularly in tomatoes, accompanied by elevated activities of key antioxidant enzymes—superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX). Lipid peroxidation, measured by malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, also increased progressively, confirming rising oxidative stress as fruits matured. Gene expression analysis revealed ripening-specific upregulation of ROS-related genes (SlRboh1, SlAPX2, FaCAT1) and transcriptional regulators such as FaMYB10, with expression levels correlating strongly with biochemical markers. Notably, correlation analysis identified significant associations between ROS concentrations and antioxidant enzyme activities (r > 0.85, p < 0.001), indicating a tightly regulated oxidative balance essential for controlled ripening. Differences between fruit types highlighted species-specific ROS regulatory mechanisms, with climacteric fruits showing more pronounced oxidative changes. These findings establish ROS as central components in the physiological and molecular orchestration of fruit ripening and suggest their potential as biomarkers or targets for postharvest quality management. This research contributes critical insights into oxidative signaling pathways, paving the way for advanced strategies in crop storage, shelf-life extension, and genetic improvement.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Suleman Aziz , Muhammad Bilal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
LONGITUDINAL ANALYSIS OF LEFT VENTRICULAR REMODELING IN POST-MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION PATIENTS USING MRI
Left ventricular (LV) remodeling following acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a critical determinant of patient outcomes, often leading to heart failure and increased mortality. This study utilized serial cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to evaluate the temporal progression of LV remodeling in critically ill post-AMI patients. A prospective cohort of patients with confirmed AMI underwent cardiac MRI at baseline (within 7 days), 6 months, and 12 months. Parameters including LV end-diastolic volume (LVEDV), end-systolic volume (LVESV), ejection fraction (LVEF), infarct size, transmurality, and myocardial strain were assessed. Late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) was used to quantify myocardial scarring. Adverse remodeling was defined as a >15% increase in LVEDV from baseline. Clinical variables such as hemoglobin glycation index (HGI) and stress hyperglycemia ratio (SHR) were also evaluated. Machine learning algorithms were applied to explore predictive modeling based on imaging and clinical data. Significant reductions in LVEDV and LVEF occurred only in individuals who showed unfavorable remodeling, as the mean LVEF fell from 49.8% at the start to 42.6% after 12 months (p<0.01). There was more infarct area and transmurality in this group which went along with reduced function. The results showed that it was the myocardial strain test and not the volumetric study, that picked up the early regional decline seen in myocardial function. Unfavorable remodeling in the arteries was related to high SHR and HGI levels, suggesting a role for metabolic factors. Forecasts of remodeling were accurate for initial imaging and clinical data, with a model AUROC of 0.87. The results suggest that both cardiac MRI and AI are valuable in identifying who requires special treatment after a heart attack. Cardiac MRI tests done over time reveal important changes in the heart of patients who have had a heart attack. Combining imaging biomarkers with medical and metabolic information, using AI tools, may help to make risk assessment better and adjust personalized treatment decisions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Syeda Iram Batool , Wesam Taher Almagharbeh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
HERBICIDE DRIFT IMPACT ON NON-TARGET FLORA AND CROP BIODIVERSITY IN ORGANIC FARMLANDS
Herbicide drift, the unintended airborne dispersion of agrochemicals into non-target zones, poses a substantial threat to the integrity of organic farming systems. This study aimed to investigate the extent, environmental impact, and biological consequences of herbicide drift on adjacent organic farms by employing a mixed-methods approach that integrated field sampling, laboratory analysis, meteorological data, spatial mapping, and stakeholder interviews. Soil and leaf samples collected at incremental distances from herbicide-treated fields were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS), revealing that glyphosate, dicamba, and 2,4-D residues decreased sharply with increasing distance. Bioindicator crops such as lettuce and spinach exhibited significant phytotoxic symptoms—including chlorosis and necrosis—within the first 30 meters from the application zone. Soil health assessments indicated that microbial biomass and enzymatic activities (urease, dehydrogenase, and phosphatase) were notably reduced in drift-affected areas. Furthermore, interviews with 30 organic farmers confirmed reported yield losses ranging from 25% to 40%, primarily in leafy crops, and identified concerns regarding economic losses, environmental integrity, and regulatory inaction. GIS mapping and meteorological monitoring validated the spatial correlation between wind patterns and herbicide dispersion. The results clearly establish that herbicide drift can compromise the productivity, biodiversity, and ecological balance of organic systems. This research underscores the urgent need for stricter application protocols, enhanced buffer zones, adoption of drift-reduction technologies, and increased awareness among stakeholders to safeguard the sustainability of organic agriculture. The findings contribute to policy, practice, and scientific understanding of agrochemical externalities and their mitigation in vulnerable farming ecosystems.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Dilawaiz Khan , Nimra Samad, Muhammad Shafique (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EVALUATION OF MULTI-DRUG RESISTANCE PATTERNS IN ZOONOTIC BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM COMPANION ANIMALS IN URBAN AREAS
This study investigates the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance patterns, and zoonotic potential of multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacterial pathogens isolated from companion animals in urban areas. A total of 270 bacterial isolates were recovered from dogs and cats across three metropolitan centers, with Escherichia coli (35.2%), Staphylococcus aureus (23.0%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (17.8%) being the most prevalent species. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed high resistance rates to first-line veterinary antibiotics such as ampicillin (82–91%) and tetracycline (52–70%), and alarming resistance to critically important human antibiotics, including third-generation cephalosporins and carbapenems. The total number of isolates with MDR was more than 67%, the highest rates belonging to K. pneumoniae (77%) and S. aureus (71%). A close association was found between MDR and current use of antibiotics, lack of vaccination, ability to go outdoors and having more than one animal in household. It was found that colistin resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae poses a growing threat to the final therapeutic option. Genomic coincidence of 26 MDR isolates amongst pets and their owners demonstrated a zoonotic potential with genetic similarity over 90 per cent and common resistance profiles, implying that the disease might be transmitted between species. Logistic regression model identified recent antibiotic use and exposure outdoors as key factors of MDR colonization. These findings highlight the urgent need to implement antimicrobial stewardship in veterinary medicine, frequent surveillance of resistance in companion animals, and public health programs involving the One Health approach. This study provides a critical insight into the epidemiological role of pets in transmission of MDR infections in urban ecosystem and emphasizes on the need of combining efforts to curb antibiotic resistance at the human animal interface.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aftab Ahmed , Muhammad Fahimullah Khan, Syed Muhammad Ali Ramish (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
COMPARATIVE ONCOLOGY: CANINE AND FELINE TUMOR BIOLOGY AND THERAPIES
Comparative oncology provides a unique opportunity to look at tumour biology and responsiveness to treatment by comparing across animals. The article evaluated oncological and treatment prognosis on 200 dog and cat malignancies cases with squamous cell carcinoma, mast cell tumour, fibrosarcoma, lymphoma, and mammary carcinoma. These results showed that cats were more affected by fibrosarcomas and squamous cell carcinomas whereas mast cell tumours and lymphomas were more prevalent in dogs. The tendency in the development of tumour also differed between the species; their histopathological and immunohistochemical investigation revealed local infiltrative growth in cats, and more heterogeneity in tumour in dogs. Outcomes of treatments were different: the use of multimodal therapy was extremely advantageous to dogs (particularly, when dealing with mast cell turbours), responses to it being conservatively-corrective in feline cases often depended on where the tumours were and how difficult they are to operate on. In both species, statistical significant predictors of tumour grade and outcome were biomarkers such as p53 and Ki-67. Survival studies gave the advantage to the early diagnosis and well-rounded treatment protocols. The findings of the study mean that species-specific oncology strategies are important in offering the best care, and comparative views of the investigations are viable additions to the translation and veterinary cancer research.
Copyright (c) 2023 Muhammad Fahimullah Khan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
WILDLIFE FORENSICS AND LEGAL MEDICINE IN BIODIVERSITY CRIMES
The findings of this paper demonstrate how valuable it is to apply conservation genetics coupled with assisted reproductive technologies (ART) as a way to safeguard endangered wildlife and enhance the likelihood of their reproduction. The simulated data repeatedly demonstrated that genetically informed breeding methods --Breeding methods that incorporate cross-population matings in particular-- do not only raise the genetic diversity massively, but also decrease the threat of inbreeding and elevate the survival of offspring in captivity and post-release. The outcomes reveal that cryopreservation methods especially spermatozoa cells maintain their viability over a long period and can be used as genetic backup in subsequent conservations. In cases where genetic compatibility testing informs the application of ARTs such as artificial insemination and in-vitro fertilisation, their probabilities of implantation and live birth are significant compared to their probabilities, when performed at random. Reproduction can be enhanced even more by the monitoring of hormones and targeted treatments. Genomic analysis would as well assist in identifying the appropriate alleles that can be linked to reproductive success. The post-release monitoring section indicated that the animals that are born under the genetically controlled program can better adapt and recover hence it has a higher chance of survival in the wild. The combination of the above results indicates that molecular genetics and reproductive biotechnology is a robust, scientifically approved solution to conserve biodiversity. This broad approach is not only used to reinforce the genetic background of the weak groups, but also renders them to be better suited to the environment in which they live and hence allow species recover in such a manner that it leads to ecologically reasonable and long-term stability of ecosystems.
Copyright (c) 2023 Muhammad Asad, Muhammad Umair (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY AND BIOCONTROL AGENT DESIGN
The paper is an entire experimental overview of using molecular plant pathology in conjunction with the development of biocontrol agents to handle plant diseases in an environmentally beneficial manner. We cultured and enumerated the pathogens in-vitro, screened bacterial and fungal antagonists in-vitro and in-vivo. We applied a quantitative PCR (qPCR) and the estimation of the size of lesions to observe the effectiveness of suppressing the phenomenon of pathogens. RNA sequencing was also used to examine the modifications on the defensive pathways of the host. Statistical analysis revealed that there were significantly low disease and pathogen biomass in treated plants as compared to control plants (p<0.05). The analysis of differential expression revealed that the defense-related genes were activated, and it implies that biocontrol agents did not only prevent their growth but also primed the host immune system. These findings are supported by several complex illustrations and tabular statistics, which indicates that the approach is reproducible, and its reliability can be achieved. The outcomes demonstrate the potential of combining molecular diagnostics with focussed microbial remedies which offer a scalable and environmentally as well as ecologically friendly alternative to chemicals. It is discovered that the offered framework could be applied in numerous sustainable agriculture and plant health management spheres. Also, it might serve as an example of further studies of the interaction of plants, microbe, and pathogen.
Copyright (c) 2023 Hammad Ur Rehman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
CONSERVATION GENETICS AND ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES
Debate in this study examines the possibility of conservation genetics and assisted reproductive technologies (ART) to be compatible in a manner which would make endangered animals reproduce more efficiently and live longer. We studied genetic diversity indices, reproductive success rates, cryopreservation viability, hormonal profiles, genomic inbreeding coefficients and post -release survival outcomes using simulated data that exhibited key genetic and reproductive elements. In the results it was found that breeding strategies which considered genetics, particularly in cross-population matings rendered allelic richness highly potent, reduced the inbreeding coefficient, and improved offspring survival. Cryopreservation methods demonstrated the existence of viability of samples even after thawing, sperm samples in particular. This implies that they can be applied as a secure genetic store of future breeding schemes. In artificial insemination and in vitro fertilisation, genetic compatibility tests enabled the ART process to work effectively. It was observed in hormonal monitoring that successful implantations were very significantly correlated with best progesterone levels. Correlation study has identified specific genetic markers which are associated with the level at which one can reproduce. The results of follow-up monitoring demonstrated that genetically guided individuals proved to be more flexible and tougher than the uncontrolled ones. The findings reveal that using molecular genetics and reproductive biotechnology as a strong, evidence-based approach to preserving biodiversity is a manifestation of valid strategies. This interlocking approach provides life like solutions to the genetically healthy maintenance, enhancement of reproductive capacity, and restoration of the habitat of endangered species.
Copyright (c) 2023 Ezza Fatima (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
HYBRID BIOENGINEERING APPROACHES TO CELL-TISSUE INTERFACE MODELING
The article Hybrid Bioengineering Approaches to Cell-Tissue Interface Modeling examines a method of integrating advanced fabrication, mechanical regulation and quantitative biology evaluation to recreate and examine the biophysical complexity of in situ tissue environments. The experiment involved a wide range of scaffold materials whose properties was utilized in the experiment including GelMA, PEGDA, collagen, fibrin, and a hybrid composite to construct a recap of the cell tissue interface in a controlled laboratory environment. We considered mesenchymal stem cells, fibroblasts, chondrocytes, neural cells and epithelial cells in 9 structured datasets, each having 20 experimental observations. Such parameters as adhesion index, proliferation rate, alignment score, and scaffold stiffness were considered. The findings indicated that the hybrids composites and GelMA-based scaffolds had the highest adhesion and proliferation rates at all times particularly in MSCs and fibroblasts. Elastic moduli that were between 4 and 10 kPa performed best. These also showed the most consistent cytoskeletal orientation and the development of focal adhesions. Mechanical signals play an important role in remodeling interfaces as dynamic conditioning with the cyclic strain largely enhanced the chondrocyte and fibroblast growth and orientation. Visuals inquiries like Hybrid line-bar charts, scatter correlated graphs and heatmaps demonstrated that there was a very tight connection between the biophysical properties of the scaffold and the cell conduct of the cells. With the inclusion of qualitative knowledge based on the interviewing of experts, the findings have become all the more applicable to translation demonstrating how they can be employed in order to develop regenerative medicines and implantable constructions. The study demonstrates that hybrid bioengineering platforms have the potential to characterize and optimize the cell-biomaterial interface in a systematic way and will lead to the development of next-generation tissue engineering systems, with properties that are highly accurate in terms of imitating how the body functions.
Copyright (c) 2023 Zia Ur Rehman, Mashal Shahzadi, Abdul Waheed Shah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE ECONOMICS OF ORGANIC FARMING: A CASE STUDY
Organic farming has emerged as a sustainable alternative to conventional agriculture, driven by rising concerns over environmental degradation, food safety, and public health. Despite its ecological benefits, the economic feasibility of organic farming remains debated due to higher input costs and labor intensity.This study investigates the financial viability of organic farming through a case study of a mid-sized farm. A mixed-methods approach was adopted, combining stakeholder interviews, financial record analysis, and market trend assessment. A cost-benefit and sensitivity analysis framework was used to evaluate profitability, revenue dynamics, and long-term sustainability under various environmental and economic conditions.The results indicate that while organic farming incurs higher initial and operational costs—especially in labor, certification, and organic inputs—it compensates through premium pricing, improved soil health, and government subsidies. Profitability was found to be competitive with conventional farming when externalities and long-term environmental benefits were considered. Revenue from organic produce was consistently enhanced by consumer willingness to pay higher prices, and subsidy contributions accounted for a significant share of farm income. Additionally, the adoption of organic practices led to improvements in soil fertility and resilience, reducing dependence on synthetic inputs over time.In conclusion, although organic farming presents short-term financial challenges, its long-term economic and ecological advantages make it a viable and sustainable agricultural model. Policymaking and market development are critical to scaling organic agriculture, particularly in developing regions. Strategic investment in certification support, consumer awareness, and access to premium markets can enhance profitability and promote the adoption of environmentally sound farming practices globally.
Copyright (c) 2024 Muneeba, Muhammad Suleman Aziz (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ADVANCES IN IMMUNIZATION: A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-no-proof: yes;">The effectiveness of immunization as a public health intervention has been evidence since long ago when the burden of diseases caused by a variety of infections like measles, polio, and tuberculosis was reduced in the whole world. In the recent times, there were dramatic changes in the technologies connected to vaccines, which were actively advanced under the pressure of the COVID-19 pandemic and the necessity to be ready to react against emerging pathogenicity.The current research investigates the various novel vaccination platforms such as mRNA, viral-vectored, and protein-subunit vaccines, which are sustained by superior adjuvants, or a new generation delivery systems such as microneedles, oral vaccines and jet injectors. The study also includes combination multivalent vaccines and considers the advantages of cold chain optimization with the purpose of widespread and equal distribution. Immunological measures of performance, trends in distribution and rates of adoption were combined to determine whether these developments were effective.The data show better antibody responses and longer-term of protection with mRNA vaccines, superior efficacy in younger groups with viral vector vaccines and greater safety when immunocompromised groups receive protein subunit-based combinations. It was discovered that delivery innovations are able to enhance the uptake and accessibility of vaccines, and specifically in low-resource settings, as well as that adjuvants were able to significantly increase the activation of the immune response between age groups. Also, the paper notes the improperness of cold chain integrity and the affordability of combination vaccines.The results lead to the conclusion that there is a need to combine innovative biotechnological technologies with the strategies of distribution and policy standards. Even though significant success has been observed, some formidable challenges remain to be addressed, including vaccine hesitation, regulatory complexity, and logistics shortcomings that require a specific set of interventions. The future of immunization is held in the harmonization of science, equity, and international cooperation with artificial intelligence ready to accelerate even more the development and implementation. Widespread access to immunization is essential towards the protection of global health.
Copyright (c) 2024 Saad Abdullah, Rabia Nasir, Aftab Ahmed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MEDICAL ZOOLOGY MEETS PARASITOLOGY: EMERGING ZOONOTIC DISEASES AND THEIR GENETIC BASIS.
Emerging zoonotic diseases represent one of the most pressing global health challenges, driven by intensified human–animal interactions, climate change, and environmental disruption. This study bridges medical zoology, parasitology, and genetics to explore the mechanisms through which parasites adapt, cross species barriers, and establish new transmission cycles. Using a mixed-methods approach that integrated genomic sequencing, population genetics, ecological field surveys, and host–vector interaction mapping, the research identified significant genetic diversity and adaptive traits in protozoan and helminth parasites with zoonotic potential. Results demonstrated that genetic polymorphisms, recombination events, and differential expression of virulence genes are central to parasite emergence, while ecological observations revealed that land-use change, biodiversity loss, and vector expansion amplify opportunities for spillover. Tables provided quantitative evidence of host–parasite interaction frequencies, drug resistance profiles, and co-infection rates, whereas figures illustrated multidimensional relationships between genetic variation, ecological drivers, and epidemiological outcomes. The discussion emphasized the value of the One Health approach, calling for integrated surveillance systems, genomic databases, and proactive ecological monitoring to anticipate outbreaks before they escalate. This study concludes that effective zoonotic disease prevention requires interdisciplinary frameworks linking molecular biology and ecological science with public health strategies. By illuminating the genetic basis of parasitic adaptation and its ecological correlates, the research contributes to predictive and preventive tools urgently needed to address the growing threat of emerging zoonotic parasitic diseases.
Copyright (c) 2023 Dr.Farman Ullah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
WILDLIFE CONSERVATION IN THE AGE OF CLIMATE CHANGE: A DEVELOPMENTAL AND EVOLUTIONARY ZOOLOGY PERSPECTIVE
Climate change poses unprecedented challenges to global biodiversity, with profound implications for wildlife conservation. This study explores the issue through a developmental and evolutionary zoology perspective, highlighting how species’ survival depends on both immediate phenotypic plasticity and long-term evolutionary adaptation. Using a mixed-methods framework that integrated ecological field surveys, genetic diversity analyses, and developmental trait monitoring, the research demonstrates that species responses to climate change are mediated by interactions between environment, life-history traits, and genetic capacity for adaptation. Results indicate that developmental plasticity provides short-term resilience, particularly in traits such as growth rate, reproduction, and behavioral flexibility. However, the persistence of species under rapid climatic change ultimately depends on evolutionary processes including genetic variability, allelic diversity, and adaptive selection. Tables and figures reveal significant distributional shifts, mortality during extreme events, and conservation outcomes across taxa, while modeling demonstrates that populations with higher functional diversity are more resilient. The findings underscore the importance of eco-evo-devo frameworks for conservation planning, emphasizing that safeguarding biodiversity requires both preserving habitats and maintaining evolutionary potential. The study concludes that conservation policies must integrate genetic monitoring, connectivity strategies, and adaptive management to foster resilience. By uniting developmental biology, evolutionary theory, and ecological practice, this research contributes a holistic paradigm for wildlife conservation in the Anthropocene.
Copyright (c) 2023 Aftab Ahmed, Mukhtar Ahmad, Muhammad Asad, Muhammad Umair (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
AQUACULTURE IN THE GENOMIC ERA: PHYSIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR APPROACHES TO SUSTAINABLE FISHERIES
Aquaculture is rapidly becoming the cornerstone of global food security, yet the sector faces persistent challenges including disease outbreaks, environmental pressures, and the sustainability of feed resources. The genomic era offers transformative solutions by integrating molecular tools with physiological monitoring to optimize productivity while minimizing ecological impact. This study employed a mixed-methods approach combining genomic analyses, transcriptomics, epigenetics, and physiological assessments to evaluate growth performance, feed efficiency, disease resistance, and resilience in cultured fish populations. Results demonstrated that genomic-based selective breeding significantly improved growth trajectories and feed conversion ratios, while genetic diversity indices revealed strong correlations with adaptive capacity. Physiological biomarkers highlighted species-specific stress responses, and transcriptomic profiling confirmed upregulation of immune genes during pathogen exposure. Epigenetic analyses revealed methylation changes linked to environmental stressors, suggesting potential for transgenerational adaptation. Nutrigenomic approaches validated the efficacy of plant-based alternative feeds in maintaining nutrient assimilation and health outcomes. Integrated sustainability assessments confirmed that combining genomic and physiological data enhances production stability and reduces environmental risks. Overall, the findings underscore that genomic and molecular innovations, when coupled with physiological insights, provide a robust pathway to advance aquaculture into a more sustainable, resilient, and climate-smart industry capable of meeting future food demands.
Copyright (c) 2023 Hidayatullah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0